Sure without replacement is not for bootstrap purposes.

It was necessary for me when I tried to write estimation procedures for generalized dynamic factor models:

Forni, M., M. Hallin, M. Lippi and P. Zaffaroni (2015) ‘Dynamic factor models with
infinite-dimensional factor spaces: One-sided representations’, Journal of Econometrics 185(2): 359–371.


Forni, M., M. Hallin, M. Lippi and P. Zaffaroni (2017) ‘Dynamic factor models with infinite-dimensional factor space:
Asymptotic analysis’, Journal of Econometrics 199(1): 74–92.


For a number of quantities (parameters, impulse response function and other), their estimators (in the way of estimating the common components and factors) strongly depend on the ordering of the cross-section. We are not interested in such matrices per se but only insofar as they enter the impulse–response functions and their estimators.
The authors argue that although the population impulse-response functions are permutation-equivariant, their estimators are not.
Simulations by Forni et al. (2017) provide convincing evidence that, selecting a small number of permutations at random and averaging the corresponding estimators of the impulse–response functions leads to rapidly stabilizing results and a substantial reduction of the expected Mean Square Estimation Error (MSE).

More simply, say I have 100 series, in any particular uninformative order (no identification of any kind). I estimate some quantities, then I change (shuffle) the variables and I re-estimate the quantities,...do it 100 times and average the estimates to get the necessary results.



Yiannis